Unsecured USB ports pose major challenges to information systems security. Exposed ports on servers, routers, laptops, computers and portable devices are at extreme risk for a security breach. USB flash drives, due to their small size and ubiquity, contribute hugely to data leakage and system compromise through infection from a computer virus or other malicious software. Utilizing USB flash drives is a common practice among most organizations for moving data and transferring files between computers. Companies are at risk when sensitive data is stored on these devices and transported outside of the company. A SanDisk survey characterized that end users most frequently copy critical data such as customer data, financial information and employee data onto flash drives. There is no password protection or encryption of data stored on a standard USB flash drive.
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Critical data can be downloaded onto a flash drive, portable hard drive or mobile device and transported out. Viruses, malware, spyware and other malicious software can be uploaded from a USB device through an unprotected USB port.
Using a USB Lock and Seal offers:
Restricting what company data is being copied or transferred to the end user
Securing laptops and portable devices while in transit
Securing console panels in your data center which cannot be disabled
Protecting your company from malware and viruses from an infected drive (Example: Microsoft Autorun)
Protecting your company from a major security breach
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Access USB Devices on the Web
If I said plainly and simply 'USB', there is a good chance that you willimmediately think of keyboards, mice, audio, video, and storage devices. You'reright but you'll find other kinds of Universal Serial Bus (USB) devices outthere.
These non-standardized USB devices require hardware vendors to write nativedrivers and SDKs in order for you (the developer) to take advantage of them.Sadly this native code has historically prevented these devices from being usedby the Web. And that's one of the reasons the WebUSB API has been created: toprovide a way to expose USB device services to the Web. With this API, hardwaremanufacturers will be able to build cross-platform JavaScript SDKs for theirdevices.But most importantly this will make USB safer and easier to use by bringingit to the Web.
Let's see the behavior you could expect with the WebUSB API:
- Buy a USB device.
- Plug it into your computer. A notification appears right away, with the rightwebsite to go to for this device.
- Click the notification. The website is there and ready to use!
- Click to connect and a USB device chooser shows up in Chrome where you canpick your device.
Tada!
What would this procedure be like without the WebUSB API?
- Install a platform-specific application.
- If it's even supported on my operating system, verify that I've downloadedthe right thing.
- Install the thing. If you're lucky, you'll get no scary OS prompts or popupswarning you about installing drivers/applications from the internet. Ifyou're unlucky, the installed drivers or applications malfunction and harmyour computer. (Remember, the web is built to contain malfunctioningwebsites).
- If you only use the feature once, the code stays on your computer until youthink to remove it. (On the Web, the space for unused is eventuallyreclaimed.)
Before I start #
This article assumes you have some basic knowledge of how USB works. If not, Irecommend reading USB in a NutShell. For background information about USB,check out the official USB specifications.
The WebUSB API is available in Chrome 61.
Available for origin trials #
In order to get as much feedback as possible from developers using the WebUSBAPI in the field, we've previously added this feature in Chrome 54 and Chrome57 as an origin trial.
The latest trial has successfully ended in September 2017.
Privacy and security #
HTTPS only #
Because of this feature's power, it only works on secure contexts. This meansyou'll need to build with TLS in mind.
User gesture required #
As a security precaution, navigator.usb.requestDevice() may onlybe called through a user gesture such as a touch or mouse click.
Feature Policy #
A feature policy is a mechanism that allows developers to selectively enableand disable various browser features and APIs. It can be defined via an HTTPheader and/or an iframe 'allow' attribute.
You can define a feature policy that controls whether the usb attribute isexposed on the Navigator object, or in other words if you allow WebUSB.
Below is an example of a header policy where WebUSB is not allowed:
Below is another example of a container policy where USB is allowed:
Let's start coding #
The WebUSB API relies heavily on JavaScript Promises. If you're not familiarwith them, check out this great Promises tutorial. One more thing, () => {}are simply ECMAScript 2015 Arrow functions.
Get access to USB devices #
You can either prompt the user to select a single connected USB device usingnavigator.usb.requestDevice() or call navigator.usb.getDevices() to get alist of all connected USB devices the origin has access to.
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The navigator.usb.requestDevice() function takes a mandatory JavaScript objectthat defines filters. These filters are used to match any USB device with thegiven vendor (vendorId) and, optionally, product (productId) identifiers.The classCode, protocolCode, serialNumber, and subclassCode keys canalso be defined there as well.
For instance, here's how to get access to a connected Arduino device configuredto allow the origin.
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Before you ask, I didn't magically come up with this 0x2341 hexadecimalnumber. I simply searched for the word 'Arduino' in this List of USB ID's.
The USB device returned in the fulfilled promise above has some basic, yetimportant information about the device such as the supported USB version,maximum packet size, vendor, and product IDs, the number of possibleconfigurations the device can have. Basically it contains all fields in thedevice USB Descriptor.
By the way, if a USB device announces its support for WebUSB, as well asdefining a landing page URL, Chrome will show a persistent notification when theUSB device is plugged in. Clicking this notification will open the landing page.
Auto ac orifice tube location. From there, you can simply call navigator.usb.getDevices() and access yourArduino device as shown below.
Talk to an Arduino USB board #
Okay, now let's see how easy it is to communicate from a WebUSB compatibleArduino board over the USB port. Check out instructions athttps://github.com/webusb/arduino to WebUSB-enable your sketches.
Don't worry, I'll cover all the WebUSB device methods mentioned below later inthis article.
Please keep in mind that the WebUSB library I'm using here is just implementingone example protocol (based on the standard USB serial protocol) and thatmanufacturers can create any set and types of endpoints they wish.Control transfers are especially nice for small configuration commands asthey get bus priority and have a well defined structure.
And here's the sketch that has been uploaded to the Arduino board.
The third-party WebUSB Arduino library used in the sample code above doesbasically two things:
- The device acts as a WebUSB device enabling Chrome to read the landing pageURL.
- It exposes a WebUSB Serial API that you may use to override the default one.
Look at the JavaScript code again. Once I get the device picked by the user,device.open() runs all platform-specific steps to start a session with the USBdevice. Then, I have to select an available USB Configuration withdevice.selectConfiguration(). Remember that a configuration specifies how thedevice is powered, its maximum power consumption and its number of interfaces.Speaking of interfaces, I also need to request exclusive access withdevice.claimInterface() since data can only be transferred to an interface orassociated endpoints when the interface is claimed. Finally callingdevice.controlTransferOut() is needed to set up the Arduino device with theappropriate commands to communicate through the WebUSB Serial API.
From there, device.transferIn() performs a bulk transfer onto thedevice to inform it that the host is ready to receive bulk data. Then, thepromise is fulfilled with a result object containing a DataViewdata thathas to be parsed appropriately.
If you're familiar with USB, all of this should look pretty familiar.
I want more #
The WebUSB API lets you interact with the all USB transfer/endpoint types:
- CONTROL transfers, used to send or receive configuration or commandparameters to a USB device, are handled with
controlTransferIn(setup, length)andcontrolTransferOut(setup, data). - INTERRUPT transfers, used for a small amount of time sensitive data, arehandled with the same methods as BULK transfers with
transferIn(endpointNumber, length)andtransferOut(endpointNumber, data). - ISOCHRONOUS transfers, used for streams of data like video and sound, arehandled with
isochronousTransferIn(endpointNumber, packetLengths)andisochronousTransferOut(endpointNumber, data, packetLengths). - BULK transfers, used to transfer a large amount of non-time-sensitive data ina reliable way, are handled with
transferIn(endpointNumber, length)andtransferOut(endpointNumber, data).
Leona lewis echo album zip. You may also want to have a look at Mike Tsao's WebLight project whichprovides a ground-up example of building a USB-controlled LED device designedfor the WebUSB API (not using an Arduino here). You'll find hardware, software,and firmware.
Tips #
Debugging USB in Chrome is easier with the internal page chrome://device-logwhere you can see all USB device related events in one single place.
The internal page chrome://usb-internals also comes in handy and allows youto simulate connection and disconnection of virtual WebUSB devices.This is be useful for doing UI testing without for real hardware.
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On most Linux systems, USB devices are mapped with read-only permissions bydefault. To allow Chrome to open a USB device, you will need to add a new udevrule. Create a file at /etc/udev/rules.d/50-yourdevicename.rules with thefollowing content:
where [yourdevicevendor] is 2341 if your device is an Arduino for instance.ATTR{idProduct} can also be added for a more specific rule. Make sure youruser is a member of the plugdev group. Then, just reconnect your device.
Microsoft OS 2.0 Descriptors used by the Arduino examples only work on Windows8.1 and later. Without that Windows support still requires manual installationof an INF file.
Resources #
- Stack Overflow: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/webusb
- WebUSB API Spec: http://wicg.github.io/webusb/
- Chrome Feature Status: https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/5651917954875392
- Spec Issues: https://github.com/WICG/webusb/issues
- Implementation Bugs: http://crbug.com?q=component:Blink>USB
- WebUSB ❤ ️Arduino: https://github.com/webusb/arduino
- IRC: #webusb on W3C's IRC
- WICG Mailing list: https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-wicg/
- WebLight project: https://github.com/sowbug/weblight
Please share your WebUSB demos with the #webusb hashtag.
Acknowledgements #
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Thanks to Joe Medley for reviewing this article.
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